Monday, September 30, 2013
Simple But Reliable Car Battery Tester
This circuit uses the popular and easy to find LM3914 IC. This IC is very simple to drive, needs no voltage regulators (it has a built in voltage regulator) and can be powered from almost every source. This circuit is very easy to explain: When the test button is pressed, the Car battery voltage is feed into a high impedance voltage divider. His purpose is to divide 12V to 1,25V (or lower values to lower values).
This solution is better than letting the internal voltage regulator set the 12V sample voltage to be feed into the internal voltage divider simply because it cannot regulate 12V when the voltage drops lower (linear regulators only step down). Simply wiring with no adjust, the regulator provides stable 1,25V which is fed into the precision internal resistor cascade to generate sample voltages for the internal comparators. Anyway the default setting let you to measure voltages between 8 and 12V but you can measure even from 0V to 12V setting the offset trimmer to 0 (but i think that under 9 volt your car would not start).
There is a smoothing capacitor (4700uF 16V) it is used to adsorb EMF noise produced from the ignition coil if you are measuring the battery during the engine working. Diesel engines would not need it, but Im not sure. If you like more a point graph rather than a bar graph simply disconnect pin 9 on the IC (MODE) from power. The calculations are simple (default)
For the first comparator the voltage is : 0,833 V corresponding to 8 V
* * * * * voltage is : 0,875 V corresponding to 8,4 V
for the last comparator the voltage is : 1,25 V corresponding to 12 V
Have fun, learn and dont let you car battery discharge... ;-)
This solution is better than letting the internal voltage regulator set the 12V sample voltage to be feed into the internal voltage divider simply because it cannot regulate 12V when the voltage drops lower (linear regulators only step down). Simply wiring with no adjust, the regulator provides stable 1,25V which is fed into the precision internal resistor cascade to generate sample voltages for the internal comparators. Anyway the default setting let you to measure voltages between 8 and 12V but you can measure even from 0V to 12V setting the offset trimmer to 0 (but i think that under 9 volt your car would not start).
There is a smoothing capacitor (4700uF 16V) it is used to adsorb EMF noise produced from the ignition coil if you are measuring the battery during the engine working. Diesel engines would not need it, but Im not sure. If you like more a point graph rather than a bar graph simply disconnect pin 9 on the IC (MODE) from power. The calculations are simple (default)
For the first comparator the voltage is : 0,833 V corresponding to 8 V
* * * * * voltage is : 0,875 V corresponding to 8,4 V
for the last comparator the voltage is : 1,25 V corresponding to 12 V
Have fun, learn and dont let you car battery discharge... ;-)
author: Jonathan Filippi
e-mail: jonathan.filippi@virgilio.it
e-mail: jonathan.filippi@virgilio.it
Fine Control Super Bright LED Pulser
Four timing controls - 12V supply, Suitable for Halloween or Christmas props
This circuit, designed on request for a Halloween prop, allows fine control of a pulsing Super Bright white LED. The four potentiometers or trimmers will set precisely: on, off, ramp up and ramp down time-delays respectively. Ramp up and ramp down time-delays can be set roughly in the 1 - 15 seconds range, whereas on and off time-delays can range from a few seconds to about one minute. A 12V battery or regulated power supply is required, provided it is reasonably stable. Total current drawing is about 25 - 30mA when the LED reaches maximum brightness.
Parts:
R1,R5,R12,R13___10K 1/4W Resistors
R2,R5___________10K 1/2W Trimmers or Lin. Potentiometers
R3______________47K 1/4W Resistor
R4______________22K 1/4W Resistor
R6_______________1K 1/4W Resistor
R7,R8,R9,R14___100K 1/4W Resistors
R10,R11__________2M2 1/2W Trimmers or Lin. Potentiometers
R15____________220R 1/4W Resistor
C1,C2__________100nF 63V Polyester or ceramic Capacitors
C3,C4___________22µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors
C5_____________220µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
D1,D2________1N4148 75V 150mA Diodes
D3______________LED Super Bright white (e.g. RL5-UV2030)
Q1____________BC337 45V 800mA NPN Transistor
IC1___________LM324 Low Power Quad Op-amp IC
IC2____________4093 Quad 2 input Schmitt NAND Gate IC
Notes:
Readmore...
This circuit, designed on request for a Halloween prop, allows fine control of a pulsing Super Bright white LED. The four potentiometers or trimmers will set precisely: on, off, ramp up and ramp down time-delays respectively. Ramp up and ramp down time-delays can be set roughly in the 1 - 15 seconds range, whereas on and off time-delays can range from a few seconds to about one minute. A 12V battery or regulated power supply is required, provided it is reasonably stable. Total current drawing is about 25 - 30mA when the LED reaches maximum brightness.
Parts:R1,R5,R12,R13___10K 1/4W Resistors
R2,R5___________10K 1/2W Trimmers or Lin. Potentiometers
R3______________47K 1/4W Resistor
R4______________22K 1/4W Resistor
R6_______________1K 1/4W Resistor
R7,R8,R9,R14___100K 1/4W Resistors
R10,R11__________2M2 1/2W Trimmers or Lin. Potentiometers
R15____________220R 1/4W Resistor
C1,C2__________100nF 63V Polyester or ceramic Capacitors
C3,C4___________22µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors
C5_____________220µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
D1,D2________1N4148 75V 150mA Diodes
D3______________LED Super Bright white (e.g. RL5-UV2030)
Q1____________BC337 45V 800mA NPN Transistor
IC1___________LM324 Low Power Quad Op-amp IC
IC2____________4093 Quad 2 input Schmitt NAND Gate IC
Notes:
- Wanting to use two white LEDs, the second device must be wired across the Emitter of the transistor and negative ground with its own limiting resistor wired in series, like R15 and D3 in the circuit diagram.
- If common red, yellow or green LEDs are required, please wire two of them in series, in order to present roughly the same voltage drop of one white or blue LED.
- Please note that the unused sections in both ICs must have their inputs tied to negative ground whereas the outputs must be left open, as shown at the bottom of the diagram.
- All time-delays can be increased by changing the value of C3 and C4 to 47µF 25V or even higher. Please vary the value of these capacitors only, as the values of the resistors wired to the four control pots are rather critical and should not be changed.
Sunday, September 29, 2013
Saturday, September 28, 2013
One second Audible Clock Circuit
Accurate, finger-operated portable unit, 3 - 12V Battery supply
This accurate one-pulse-per-second clock is made with a few common parts and driven from a 50 or 60 Hertz mains supply but with no direct connection to it. A beep or metronome-like click and/or a visible flash, will beat the one-second time and can be useful in many applications in which some sort of time-delay counting in seconds is desirable. The circuit is formed by a CMos 4024 counter/divider chip and 3 diodes, arranged to divide the frequency of the input signal at pin #1 by 50 (or 60, see Notes). The input impedance at pin #1 is very hight, so simply touching the pin (or a short track or piece of wire connected to it) is usually enough to provide the necessary input signal. Another way to provide an input signal consists in a piece of wire wrapped several times around any convenient mains cable or transformer. No other connection is necessary.
Circuit diagram :
R1 = 10K
R2 = 47.K
R3 = 100R
C1 = 1nF-63V
C2 = 10µF-25V
C3 = 100nF-63V
D1 = 1N4148
D2 = 1N4148
D3 = 1N4148
D4 = LED-(Optional, any shape and color, see Notes)
D5 = 1N4148-75V 150mA Diode (Optional, see Notes)
Q1 = BC337-45V 800mA NPN Transistor
IC1 = 4024-7 stage ripple counter IC
BZ1 = Piezo sounder (incorporating 3KHz oscillator)
SPKR = 8 Ohm, 40 - 50mm diameter Loudspeaker (Optional, see Notes)
SW1 = SPST Toggle or Slide Switch (Optional, see Notes)
B1 = 3 to 12V Battery (See Notes)
Notes:
- To allow precise circuit operation in places where the mains supply frequency is rated at 60Hz, the circuit must be modified as follows: disconnect the Cathode of D1 from pin #11 of IC1 and connect it to pin #9. Add a further 1N4148 diode, connecting its Anode to R1 and the Cathode to pin #6 of IC1: thats all!
- The circuit will work fine with battery voltages in the 3 -12V range.
- The visual display, formed by D4 and R3 is optional. Please note that R3 value shown in the Parts list is suited to low battery voltages. If 9V or higher voltages are used, change its value to 1K.
- If a metronome-like click is needed, R2 and BZ1 must be omitted and substituted by the circuit shown enclosed in dashed lines, right-side of the diagram.
- Stand-by current drawing is negligible, so SW1 can be omitted.
Source : www.redcircuits.com
1995 Buick Park Avenue Wiring Diagram
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| 1995 Buick Park Avenue Wiring Diagram |
The Part of 1995 Buick Park Avenue Wiring Diagram : cornering lamps, turn flasher, power distribution, relay center, fuse block, yellow wire, assembly, see ground, green wire,
Friday, September 27, 2013
Direction Sensitive Light Barrier
With two light barriers closely positioned one after the other it is possible to establish in which direction they have been crossed. If, for example, you place it at the entrance of the toilet then you can use it to control the lights: on when entering and off when leaving the room. The circuit for this has many similarities with the modulated light barrier appearing else-where in this Summer Circuits issue. There are two ways to position the light barriers, namely a completely duplicated installation in opposing directions (this to prevent mutual interference) and a version with one IR transmitter and two receivers.
Both types of installation are shown here, which one is most suitable depends on the actual application. When used in a doorway, one transmitter is sufficient if the receivers are placed about 5 cm apart. With a wider passage, an installation with two separate IR-transmitters is a better solution. This circuit has a range of several meters, even if the sun shines directly on the receiver! We use the exact same IR-transmitter(s) as for the modulated light barrier. For the installation with two separate IR-transmitters it is sufficient to duplicate R6, T1, D1, C3 and R7 from the circuit of the modulated light barrier.
Output OUT (pin 3) of IC2 can drive two of these IR-drivers without any difficulty. The receivers are slightly different than those of the modulated light barrier and the circuit is the same for both types of installation. We again use the TSOP1736, which is sensitive to IR-light that is modulated at a frequency of 36 kHz. D2, R8 and C4 ensure that the received pulses from IC3 at the output of IC5a result in a ‘1’ when the beam is not interrupted. When the beam is interrupted this output will become a ‘0’ within about 1 ms.
In the same way IC5b generates a ‘0’ when IC4 stops receiving IR-light. The 4013 CMOS-IC used here contains two D-flipflops, of which we use only one. The instant that light barrier 2 (IC4) is unblocked again, is used to clock the state of light barrier 1 (IC3) through to output Q1. This signal drives the relay via T2, which operates the light in the room. The circuit therefore turns the light on or off the moment that light barrier 1 is uninterrupted.
Readmore...
Both types of installation are shown here, which one is most suitable depends on the actual application. When used in a doorway, one transmitter is sufficient if the receivers are placed about 5 cm apart. With a wider passage, an installation with two separate IR-transmitters is a better solution. This circuit has a range of several meters, even if the sun shines directly on the receiver! We use the exact same IR-transmitter(s) as for the modulated light barrier. For the installation with two separate IR-transmitters it is sufficient to duplicate R6, T1, D1, C3 and R7 from the circuit of the modulated light barrier.
Output OUT (pin 3) of IC2 can drive two of these IR-drivers without any difficulty. The receivers are slightly different than those of the modulated light barrier and the circuit is the same for both types of installation. We again use the TSOP1736, which is sensitive to IR-light that is modulated at a frequency of 36 kHz. D2, R8 and C4 ensure that the received pulses from IC3 at the output of IC5a result in a ‘1’ when the beam is not interrupted. When the beam is interrupted this output will become a ‘0’ within about 1 ms.
In the same way IC5b generates a ‘0’ when IC4 stops receiving IR-light. The 4013 CMOS-IC used here contains two D-flipflops, of which we use only one. The instant that light barrier 2 (IC4) is unblocked again, is used to clock the state of light barrier 1 (IC3) through to output Q1. This signal drives the relay via T2, which operates the light in the room. The circuit therefore turns the light on or off the moment that light barrier 1 is uninterrupted.
Switch Timer Circuit For Bathroom Light
This 9-minute timer switch can be used to control the light in a toilet or bathroom. The timer is started by pushing S1 and stopped by pushing S1 again. If you forget to turn it off, the controlled light will go off after nine minutes. If you need the light on continuously non-stop, you need to press S1 (turn on) and then S2 (cancellation of timer) within 9 minutes and in this case the light will be on until you switch it off with S1.
Circuit diagram:
IC1 is a is 4013 dual flip-flop. Flip flop IC1a is toggled on and off by switch S1 and it controls the relay which is switched by FET Q2. IC1a controls IC1b which is connected as an RS flipflop to enable or disable IC2, a 4060 oscillator/divider. This has its timing interval set by the components at its pins 9, 10 & 11. The relay should have 250VAC mains-rated contacts and these are connected in parallel with an existing wall switch.
Author: Rasim Kucalovic - Copyright: Silicon Chip Electronics
Thursday, September 26, 2013
ESR Low Resistance Test Meter
As electrolytic capacitors age, their internal resistance, also known as "equivalent series resistance" (ESR), gradually increases. This can eventually lead to equipment failure. Using this design, you can measure the ESR of suspect capacitors as well as other small resistances. Basically, the circuit generates a low-voltage 100kHz test signal, which is applied to the capacitor via a pair of probes. An op amp then amplifies the voltage dropped across the capacitor’s series resistance and this can be displayed on a standard multimeter. In more detail, inverter IC1d is configured as a 200kHz oscillator.
Its output drives a 4027 J-K flipflop, which divides the oscillator signal in half to ensure an equal mark/space ratio. Two elements of a 4066 quad bilateral switch (IC3c & IC3d) are alternately switched on by the complementary outputs of the J-K flipflop. One switch input (pin 11) is connected to +5V, whereas the other (pin 8) is connected to -5V. The outputs (pins 9 & 10) of these two switches are connected together, with the result being a ±5V 100kHz square wave. Series resistance is included to current-limit the signal before it is applied to the capacitor under test via a pair of test probes. Diodes D1 and D2 limit the signal swing and protect the 4066 outputs in case the capacitor is charged.
Circuit diagram:
ESR & Low Resistance Test Meter Circuit Diagram
A second pair of leads sense the signal developed across the probe tips. Once again, the signal is limited by diodes (D3 & D4) before begin applied to the remaining two inputs of the 4066 switch (pins 2 & 3 of IC3a & IC3b). These switches direct alternate half cycles to two 1μF capacitors, removing most of the AC component of the signal and providing a simple "sample and hold" mechanism. The 1μF capacitors charge to a DC level that is proportional to the test capacitor’s ESR. This is differentially amplified by op amp IC4 so that it can be displayed on a digital multimeter – 10Ω will be represented by 100mV, 1Ω by 10mV, etc. To calibrate the circuit, first adjust VR1 to obtain 100kHz at TP3.
Next, momentarily short the test probes together and adjust VR4 for 0mV at pin 6 of IC4. That done, set your meter to read milliamps and connect it between TP4 and the negative (-) DMM output. Apply -5V to TP2 and note the current flow, which should be around 2.1mA. Transfer the -5V from TP2 to TP1 and adjust VR2 until the same current (ignore sign) is obtained. Remove the -5V from TP1. Again, set to your meter to read volts and connect it to the DMM outputs. Apply the probes to a 10W resistor and adjust VR3 for a reading of 100mV. Finally, ensure that all capacitors to be tested are always fully discharged before connecting the probes.
Author: Len Cox - Copyright: Silicon Chip Electronics
ALTERNATING FLASHER ELECTRONIC DIAGRAM
ALTERNATING FLASHER ELECTRONIC DIAGRAM
The first IC used as a 1 second clock, which generates ON/OFF for the other ICs. Diodes help to cover the IC555 from the peak voltage. Take note that the relay used should have impedance more than 50 ohm.
Parts list :
- Diode D1-D2 : 1N4001
- Zener Diode D2 : 6V
- R1,R5,R7 : 3k3
- R2,R6,R8 : 68k
- Resistor variable VR1 : 47k
- Polar capacitor C1 : 10uF/16V
- Polar capacitor C3,C5 : 2.2 uF/16V
- Capacitor C2,C4,C6 : 0.01 uF
- Transistor T1 : BC107/BC148
- IC timer : NE555
- Relay : 6-9 V
- Power supply 6-9 V
Wednesday, September 25, 2013
Low Cost Battery Condition Indicator
This design combines power-on and low-battery indication, can operate with any battery voltage up to 15V, has very low current drain (2mA or less) and costs less than $3.50 with new parts. When the battery voltage is above a predetermined minimum, power on is indicated by what appears to be a steadily lit LED. In fact, the LED is being pulsed by a free-running relaxation oscillator formed by IC1c, one gate of a 4093 CMOS quad Schmitt NAND. The frequency of this oscillator should be at least 50Hz, so that it appears to be continuously on while at the same time drawing far less average current than a steadily lit LED.
The series resistor for the LED needs to be selected for each battery voltage, to limit the current to a safe vale or you could use a fixed resistor and a series trimpot for flexibility. Low battery voltage is indicated by the LED pulsing at around 1Hz. The battery voltage is monitored by transistor Q1 and trimpot VR1. Once the voltage at its base falls below 0.6V, Q1 turns off and Q2 turns on to enable the 2-gate oscillator formed by IC1a and IC1b, which runs at 1Hz. The pulses from this oscillator are inverted by IC1d to gate the LED oscillator on and off. Calibration can be done with a variable bench power supply set to the lowest battery voltage you will accept. Power up the circuit and adjust VR1 until the LED pulses once per second.
Readmore...
The series resistor for the LED needs to be selected for each battery voltage, to limit the current to a safe vale or you could use a fixed resistor and a series trimpot for flexibility. Low battery voltage is indicated by the LED pulsing at around 1Hz. The battery voltage is monitored by transistor Q1 and trimpot VR1. Once the voltage at its base falls below 0.6V, Q1 turns off and Q2 turns on to enable the 2-gate oscillator formed by IC1a and IC1b, which runs at 1Hz. The pulses from this oscillator are inverted by IC1d to gate the LED oscillator on and off. Calibration can be done with a variable bench power supply set to the lowest battery voltage you will accept. Power up the circuit and adjust VR1 until the LED pulses once per second.
1983 Ford Bronco Wiring Diagram
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| 1983 Ford Bronco Wiring Diagram |
The Part of 1983 Ford Bronco Wiring Diagram: blower motor, coolant temp, ignition module, select
switch, resistance wire, horn relay, alternator, relay, stop light switch, fuse box, directional flasher, low brake, hazard flasher, coolant temp switch, high beam, fuel gauge, license lights, red wire, tail light, instrument light
switch, resistance wire, horn relay, alternator, relay, stop light switch, fuse box, directional flasher, low brake, hazard flasher, coolant temp switch, high beam, fuel gauge, license lights, red wire, tail light, instrument light
Tuesday, September 24, 2013
Automatic Headlight Reminder
Do you drive an older car without an automatic "lights-on" warning circuit? If so, youve probably accidentally left the lights on and flattened the battery on one or more occasions. This headlights reminder circuit will prevent that. Its more complicated than other circuits but its also more versatile. As shown, the circuit uses two low-cost ICs. IC1 is a 555 timer which is wired to operate in astable mode. Its output clocks IC2, a 4017B decade counter. IC2 in turn drives a row of indicator LEDs and also resets IC1 (after about 10s) via transistor Q2.
The circuit works like this:
when the ignition is on, transistor Q1 is also on and this pulls pin 4 of IC1 low. As a result, IC1 is held reset and no clock pulses are fed to IC2. Conversely, if the ignition is turned off, Q1 will turn off and so IC1 will start oscillating and sound the piezo siren. At the same time, IC1 will clock IC2 and so LEDs 1-10 will light in sequence and stop (after about 10s) with the last LED (LED10) remaining on. Thats because, when IC2s O9 output (ie, pin 11) goes high, Q2 also turns on and this pulls pin 4 of IC1 low, thus stopping the oscillator (and the siren).
Note:
That different colored LEDs are used to make the display look eye-catching but you make all LEDs the same color if you wish. Installing optional diode D1 will alter IC1s frequency and this will alter the display rate. Finally, if the lights are turned off and then back on again, the alarm will automatically retrigger. LED1 is always on if the lights are turned on. If you dont want the LED display, just leave the LEDs out.
Readmore...
The circuit works like this:
when the ignition is on, transistor Q1 is also on and this pulls pin 4 of IC1 low. As a result, IC1 is held reset and no clock pulses are fed to IC2. Conversely, if the ignition is turned off, Q1 will turn off and so IC1 will start oscillating and sound the piezo siren. At the same time, IC1 will clock IC2 and so LEDs 1-10 will light in sequence and stop (after about 10s) with the last LED (LED10) remaining on. Thats because, when IC2s O9 output (ie, pin 11) goes high, Q2 also turns on and this pulls pin 4 of IC1 low, thus stopping the oscillator (and the siren).
Note:
That different colored LEDs are used to make the display look eye-catching but you make all LEDs the same color if you wish. Installing optional diode D1 will alter IC1s frequency and this will alter the display rate. Finally, if the lights are turned off and then back on again, the alarm will automatically retrigger. LED1 is always on if the lights are turned on. If you dont want the LED display, just leave the LEDs out.
Automatic Light Dimmer
In many cases, the dimmer presented here may be built into a wall-mounted box containing the light switch. It is intended for use with 240 V incandescent lamps only. When it is fitted, and the light is switched on, the lamp does not come on fully for about 400 ms (which is not noticeable). When the light is switched off, it stays on unchanged for about 20 s, and then goes out gradually. This has the advantage that it is not immediately dark when the light is switched off. When light switch S1 is turned on, capacitor C2 is charged via R1, C1 and bridge rectifier D1–D4. Zener diode D5 limits the potential across C2 to about 15 V. After a short while, diode D6 lights, whereupon a potential difference ensues across light sensitive resistor R3, which is sufficient to trigger triac Tr1.
The light then comes on. When the light switch is turned off, C2 is discharged via P1, R2 and D6. When the potential across C2 drops, the brightness of the LED diminishes, so that the p.d. across R3 also drops. The increasing resistance of R3 effects phase angle control of the triac so that the light is dimmed gradually. The dimming time may be altered with P1 within the time range determined by network R2-C2. The circuit operates correctly only, of course, when the LDR is not exposed to light other than that from the LED. The type of LDR is not particularly important, as long as it is not too long: in the prototype, a model with a length of 5 mm was used.
Readmore...
The light then comes on. When the light switch is turned off, C2 is discharged via P1, R2 and D6. When the potential across C2 drops, the brightness of the LED diminishes, so that the p.d. across R3 also drops. The increasing resistance of R3 effects phase angle control of the triac so that the light is dimmed gradually. The dimming time may be altered with P1 within the time range determined by network R2-C2. The circuit operates correctly only, of course, when the LDR is not exposed to light other than that from the LED. The type of LDR is not particularly important, as long as it is not too long: in the prototype, a model with a length of 5 mm was used.
Monday, September 23, 2013
22 Watt Car Subwoofer Amplifier
22W into 4 Ohm power amplifier, Variable Low Pass Frequency: 70 – 150Hz
This unit is intended to be connected to an existing car stereo amplifier, adding the often required extra "punch" to the music by driving a subwoofer. As very low frequencies are omnidirectional, a single amplifier is necessary to drive this dedicated loudspeaker. The power amplifier used is a good and cheap BTL (Bridge Tied Load) 13 pin IC made by Philips (now NXP Semiconductors) requiring a very low parts count and capable of delivering about 22W into a 4 Ohm load at the standard car battery voltage of 14.4V.
Circuit diagram:
22 Watt Car Subwoofer Amplifier Circuit Diagram
Parts:
P1_____________10K Log Potentiometer
P2_____________22K Dual gang Linear Potentiometer
R1,R4___________1K 1/4W Resistors
R2,R3,R5,R6____10K 1/4W Resistors
R7,R8_________100K 1/4W Resistors
R9,R10,R13_____47K 1/4W Resistors
R11,R12________15K 1/4W Resistors
R14,R15,R17____47K 1/4W Resistors
R16_____________6K8 1/4W Resistor
R18_____________1K5 1/4W Resistor
C1,C2,C3,C6_____4µ7 25V Electrolytic Capacitors
C4,C5__________68nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C7_____________33nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C8,C9_________220µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors
C10___________470nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C11___________100nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C12__________2200µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
D1______________LED any color and type
Q1,Q2_________BC547 45V 100mA NPN Transistors
IC1___________TL072 Dual BIFET Op-Amp
IC2_________TDA1516BQ 24W BTL Car Radio Power Amplifier IC
SW1____________DPDT toggle or slide Switch
SW2____________SPST toggle or slide Switch capable of withstanding a current of at least 3A
J1,J2__________RCA audio input sockets
SPKR___________4 Ohm Woofer or two 8 Ohm Woofers wired in parallel
The stereo signals coming from the line outputs of the car radio amplifier are mixed at the input and, after the Level Control, the signal enters the buffer IC1A and can be phase reversed by means of SW1. This control can be useful to allow the subwoofer to be in phase with the loudspeakers of the existing car radio. Then, a 12dB/octave variable frequency Low Pass filter built around IC1B, Q1 and related components follows, allowing to adjust precisely the low pass frequency from 70 to 150Hz. Q2, R17 and C9 form a simple dc voltage stabilizer for the input and filter circuitry, useful to avoid positive rail interaction from the power amplifier to low level sections.
Notes:
- IC2 must be mounted on a suitable finned heatsink
- Due to the long time constant set by R17 and C9 in the dc voltage stabilizer, the whole amplifier will become fully operative about 15 - 30 sec. after switch-on.
Technical data:
Output power (1KHz sinewave):
22W RMS into 4 Ohms at 14.4V supply
Sensitivity:
250mV input for full output
Frequency response:
20Hz to 70Hz -3dB with the cursor of P2 fully rotated towards R12
20Hz to 150Hz -3dB with the cursor of P2 fully rotated towards R11
Total harmonic distortion:
17W RMS: 0.5% 22W RMS: 10%
Source : www.redcircuits.com
MOSQUITO REPELLENT ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MOSQUITO REPELLENT ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
It uses IC CD4047 to control the buzzer timing utilizing resistor and capacitor. When the voltage passing through the transistor, the buzzer would sound.
Variable resistor R1 : 10K ohm
Polar capacitor C2 : 4.7 nF/16V
Capacitor C3 : 22uF
IC1 : CD4047
NPN transistor Q1-Q2 BC547
PNP transistor Q3-Q4 BC557
Buzzer K1 : Tweeter 8 ohm
Power supply : 12V
Sunday, September 22, 2013
Pulse Frequency Modulator
The pulse width of the compact pulse cum frequency modulator can be varied by altering the change-over point of comparator IC1 with a control voltage via resistor R1. The hysteresis of the IC is determined by resistors R3 and R4. The control voltage also causes the frequency of the present circuit to be altered. When the input voltage is 0 V, the frequency is a maximum: in the present design this is about 3.8 kHz. The level of the output voltage is ±12–13V. The more the change-over point has been shifted with the control voltage, the longer it will take before the potential across capacitor C1 has reached the level at which IC1 is enabled.
When the control voltage is larger than the zener voltage, the oscillator ceases to work. The maximum period is 25 ms, which may be adapted by altering the value of C1. This will, of course, also alter the maximum frequency. The duty cycle is inversely proportional to the control voltage. The minimum pulse width attainable at the lowest frequency is about 6 µs. The modulator draws a current not exceeding 5mA.
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When the control voltage is larger than the zener voltage, the oscillator ceases to work. The maximum period is 25 ms, which may be adapted by altering the value of C1. This will, of course, also alter the maximum frequency. The duty cycle is inversely proportional to the control voltage. The minimum pulse width attainable at the lowest frequency is about 6 µs. The modulator draws a current not exceeding 5mA.USB Powered Audio Power Amplifier Circuit Diagram
This circuit of multimedia speakers for PCs has single-chip-based design, low-voltage power supply, compatibility with USB power, easy heat-sinking, low cost, high flexibility and wide temperature tolerance. At the heart of the circuit is IC TDA2822M. This IC is, in fact, mono-lithic type in 8-lead mini DIP package. It is intended for use as a dual audio power amplifier in battery-powered sound players. Specifications of TDA2822M are low quiescent current, low crossover distortion, supply voltage down to 1.8 volts and minimum output power of around 450 mW/channel with 4-ohm loudspeaker at 5V DC supply input.
An ideal power amplifier can be simply defined as a circuit that can deliver audio power into external loads without generating significant signal distortion and without consuming excessive quiescent current. This circuit is powered by 5V DC supply available from the USB port of the PC. When power switch S1 is flipped to ‘on’ position, 5V power supply is extended to the circuit and power-indicator red LED1 lights up instantly. Resistor R1 is a current surge limiter and capacitors C1 and C4 act as buffers. Working of the circuit is simple. Audio signals from the PC audio socket/headphone socket are fed to the amplifier circuit through components R2 and C2 (left channel), and R3 and C3 (right channel).
Circuit diagram:
USB Powered Audio Power Amplifier Circuit Diagram
Potmeter VR1 works as the volume controller for left (L) channel and potmeter VR2 works for right (R) channel. Pin 7 of TDA2822M receives the left-channel sound signals and pin 6 receives the right-channel signals through VR1 and VR2, respectively. Ampl i f ied signals for driving the left and right loudspeakers are available at pins 1 and 3 of IC1, respectively. Components R5 and C8, and R6 and C10 form the traditional zobel network. Assemble the circuit on a medium-size, general-purpose PCB and enclose in a suitable cabinet. It is advisable to use a socket for IC TDA2822M. The external connections should be made using suitably screened wires for better result.
Author: T.K. Hareendran - Copyright: EFY Mag
Saturday, September 21, 2013
Long Interval Pulse Generator
A rectangular-wave pulse generator with an extremely long period can be built using only two components: a National Semiconductor LM3710 supervisor IC and a 100-nF capacitor to eliminate noise spikes. This circuit utilises the watchdog and reset timers in the LM3710. The watchdog timer is reset when an edge appears on the WDI input (pin 4). If WDI is continuously held at ground level, there are not any edges and the watchdog times out. After an interval TB, it triggers a reset pulse with a duration TA and is reloaded with its initial value. The cycle then starts all over again. As a result, pulses with a period of TA + TB are present at the RESET output (pin 10).
As can be seen from the table, periods ranging up to around 30 seconds can be achieved in this manner. The two intervals TA and TB are determined by internal timers in the IC, which is available in various versions with four different ranges for each timer. To obtain the desired period, you must order the appropriate version of the LM3710. The type designation is decoded in the accompanying table. The reset threshold voltage is irrelevant for this particular application of the LM3710. The versions shown in bold face were available at the time of printing. Current information can be found on the manufacturer’s home page (www.national.com). The numbers in brackets indicate the minimum and maximum values of intervals TA and TB for which the LM3710 is tested. The circuit operates with a supply voltage in the range of 3–5V.
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As can be seen from the table, periods ranging up to around 30 seconds can be achieved in this manner. The two intervals TA and TB are determined by internal timers in the IC, which is available in various versions with four different ranges for each timer. To obtain the desired period, you must order the appropriate version of the LM3710. The type designation is decoded in the accompanying table. The reset threshold voltage is irrelevant for this particular application of the LM3710. The versions shown in bold face were available at the time of printing. Current information can be found on the manufacturer’s home page (www.national.com). The numbers in brackets indicate the minimum and maximum values of intervals TA and TB for which the LM3710 is tested. The circuit operates with a supply voltage in the range of 3–5V.
Friday, September 20, 2013
Fuse Box BMW 1973 Diagram
Fuse Box BMW 1973 Diagram - Here are new post for Fuse Box BMW 1973 Diagram.
Fuse Panel Layout Diagram Parts: main electrical equipment, cigar lighter, hazard warning flasher, interior light, clock, heated rear window, wiper and windshield washer, brake light, turn indicator, reversing light, parking light, license plate light, oil pressure telltale lamp, revolution counter, handbrake telltale.
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Fuse Box BMW 1973 Diagram
Fuse Panel Layout Diagram Parts: main electrical equipment, cigar lighter, hazard warning flasher, interior light, clock, heated rear window, wiper and windshield washer, brake light, turn indicator, reversing light, parking light, license plate light, oil pressure telltale lamp, revolution counter, handbrake telltale.
1999 Chevrolet Chevy Wiring Diagram
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| 1999 Chevrolet Chevy Wiring Diagram |
The Part of 1999 Chevrolet Chevy Wiring Diagram: power distribution cell, turn B/U fuse, stop hazard
lamp, IP fuse box, audible warning cell, backup light, pickup, solid state, cruise control, convenience center, turn/hazard flasher, turn hazard switch, stoplamp switch, switch brajes, underhood fuse box, taped to harness.
lamp, IP fuse box, audible warning cell, backup light, pickup, solid state, cruise control, convenience center, turn/hazard flasher, turn hazard switch, stoplamp switch, switch brajes, underhood fuse box, taped to harness.
Thursday, September 19, 2013
Fuse Box BMW 2000 328i Central Diagram
Fuse Box BMW 2000 328i Central Diagram - Here are new post for Fuse Box BMW 2000 328i Central Diagram.
Fuse Panel Layout Diagram Parts: ABS system, adjustment driver seat, adjusment passenger seat, air bag, air conditioner, blower, brake light, central locking system, cigar lighter, electric fan, electric seat heating, engine control, folding outside mirror, fog light, garage door opener, heated outside mirror, heated rear window, heated spray nozzle, horn, immobilizer, instrument cluster.
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Fuse Box BMW 2000 328i Central Diagram
Fuse Panel Layout Diagram Parts: ABS system, adjustment driver seat, adjusment passenger seat, air bag, air conditioner, blower, brake light, central locking system, cigar lighter, electric fan, electric seat heating, engine control, folding outside mirror, fog light, garage door opener, heated outside mirror, heated rear window, heated spray nozzle, horn, immobilizer, instrument cluster.
Thursday, September 12, 2013
Ethernet Shield with ENC28J60
One of the most interesting shield that you can mount on the Arduino platform is certainly the ethernet shield, because enable numerous networking applications such as remote control of systems and users, web access and publication of data, and more yet, the simplicity of finding and integrating open-source libraries on Arduino IDE does the rest.
Wednesday, September 11, 2013
Build a Auto Anti Hijack Alarm Circuit Diagram
This Auto Anti-Hijack Alarm Circuit Diagram was designed primarily for the situation where a hijacker forces the driver from the vehicle. If a door is opened while the ignition is switched on - the circuit will trip. After a few minutes delay - when the thief is at a safe distance - the Siren will sound.
Where it differs from the first two alarms - is in what happens next. Im obliged to Victor Montanez from the USA who suggested that the engine cut-out should not operate - until the vehicle comes to a stop. That way - the engine will not fail suddenly or unexpectedly. And the hijacker will retain control.
I havent been able to implement Victors excellent suggestion completely - because I couldnt think of a simple, reliable and universally applicable way of sensing when the vehicle has come to a stop.
Instead - I have postponed engine failure until the ignition is switched off. Once the thief turns off the ignition - the engine will not re-start. Clearly - there is no certainty as to when this will occur. But I think it will occur sooner rather than later. Because theres a strong possibility that the hijacker will turn off the ignition - in an attempt to silence the siren.
Auto Anti-Hijack Alarm Circuit Diagram
As well as acting as a Hijack Alarm - this circuit offers some added protection. Like the Enhanced Hijack Alarm - it incorporates Jeff Chias suggestion. That is - every time the ignition is switched on - the alarm will trip. So it will protect the vehicle whenever you leave it unattended with the ignition switched off - even overnight in your driveway.
Importance
Before fitting this or any other engine cut-out to your vehicle - carefully consider both the safety implications of its possible failure - and the legal consequences of installing a device that could cause an accident. If you decide to proceed - you will need to use the highest standards of materials and workmanship.
Notes
Youre going to trip this alarm unintentionally. When you do - the LED will light and the Buzzer will give a short beep. The length of the beep is determined by C4. Its purpose is to alert you to the need to push the reset button. When you push the button - the LED will switch-off. Its purpose is to reassure you that the alarm has in fact reset.
If the reset button is not pressed then - about 3 minutes later - both the Siren and the Buzzer will sound continuously. The length of the delay is set by R8 & C5. For extra effect - fit a second siren inside the vehicle. With enough noise going on - you may feel that its unnecessary to fit the engine cut-out. In which case - you can leave out C7, D8, R12, R13, Ty1 & Ry2.
When the ignition is switched on - C3 & R4 are responsible for tripping the alarm. By taking pin 1 low momentarily - they simulate the opening of a door. If you dont want the alarm to trip every time you turn on the ignition - simply leave out C3 & R4.
Because the voltage on C3 may be reversed - the capacitor needs to be non-polarized. But connecting two regular 22uF capacitors back to back as shown - will work just as well. Because non-polarized capacitors are not widely available - the prototype was built using two polarized capacitors.
To reset the circuit you must - EITHER turn off the ignition - OR close all of the doors - before you press the reset button. While BOTH the ignition is on - AND a door remains open - the circuit will NOT reset.
The reset button carries virtually no current - so any small normally-open switch will do. Eric Vandel from Canada suggests using a reed-switch hidden behind (say) the dash - and operated by a magnet. I think this is an excellent idea. As Eric said in his email: - "... that should keep any thief guessing for a while."
Veroboard Layout
How you prevent the engine from starting is up to you. It should happen when Ry2 de-energizes. The contacts of Ry2 are too small to do the job themselves. So use them to switch the coil of a larger relay. Remember that the relay must be suitable for the current its required to carry. Choose one specifically designed for automobiles - it will be protected against the elements - and will give the best long-term reliability. You dont want it to let you down on a cold wet night - or worse still - in fast moving traffic!!! Remember also that you must fit a 1N4001 diode across YOUR relays coil - to prevent damage to the Cmos IC
YOUR relay should drop-out when Ry2 de-energizes. Wire YOUR relay so that when it drops-out the engine will not start. Because turning-off the ignition will cause both Ry2 and YOUR relay to de-energize - the standby current will be low - and the engine will be disabled while the vehicle is parked.
The circuit board must be protected from the elements. Dampness or condensation will cause malfunction. Fit a 1-amp in-line fuse AS CLOSE AS POSSIBLE to your power source. This is VERY IMPORTANT. The fuse is there to protect the wiring - not the components on the circuit board. Please note that I am UNABLE to help any further with either the choice of a suitable relay - or with advice on installation.
Both the Siren and the Buzzer will go on sounding until the alarm is reset. The circuit is designed to use an electronic Siren drawing up to about 500mA. Its not usually a good idea to use the vehicles own Horn because it can be easily located and disconnected. However, if you choose to use the Horn, remember that Ry1 is too small to carry the necessary current. Connect the coil of a suitably rated relay to the "Siren" output. This can then be used to sound the Horn.
Tuesday, September 10, 2013
Operating Color Lights on USB
This project is a remake of an old discolights pod. Original 24V 5W bulbs are changed to 230V 40W with E14 thread. Original driver board has non-typical signal input. This driver is based on the FT245RL chip, a USB-LPT converter – so you can use it with PC applications such as discolitez. Low voltage part is supplied directly from the USB so there is no need to to use any transformer…
Device uses a MOC3041 optotriac and a BT136 triac in a standard application to drive bulbs. Note if you want to use stronger bulbs, like 100W or more, you need to use some little radiators to cool down the triacs. There are 4 channels, 3 are used for bulbs and 4th is used as an extra 230V output – in this case for a mini strobe. You can find 4 goldpins on board, these are a 4 extra output channels – so you can expand device to another optotriacs and triacs to use 4 more 230V devices. To your own safety, use a proper fuse, and remember that device works on a 230V potential. You can use it with 110V devices instead of 230V, no problem.
PCB Exposure Switch Timer V2 0
After some modifications on my UV exposure box (scanner) for better UV expose, i decided that a better pcb must me designed for switch timer. The old one had over drilled holes and it was designed and built on my very fist steps. Also the high voltage side from the low voltage wasn’t separated as it needed to be safe.
So i redesigned it in a more compact and easier to use pcb. The firmware has been also updated and now you can program the timmer by using the two buttons. The time is calculated by timer interrupt triggering using a 32.768KHz RTC Crystal with better accuracy. The display update also has been changed from static to dynamic.
3khz Low Pass Filter and Audio Amplifier Circuit Diagram
This circuit uses a switched capacitor filter IC from National Semiconductor to filter signals with frequencies higher than the 3KHz needed for voice audio. The schematic includes an audio amplifier that is designed to drive a standard audio head phone.
The circuit is described in more detail in the receiver section of Dave Johnsons Handbook of Optical Through the Air Communications.(this link is off-site)
3khz Low Pass Filter and Audio Amplifier Circuit Diagram
Thursday, September 5, 2013
1000 Watt Power Inverter Schematic
This 1000 watt power inverter circuit diagram based on MOSFET RF50N06.If you want more power then add additional MOSFET paralleled at RF50N06.This MOSFETS are 60 Volts and 50 Amps as rated. It is necessary to connect a FUSE with the power line and always a LOAD have to connected while power is being applied . The output power of this inverter is up-to 1k watt , it depends on output power transformer . You can use your custom transformer with experimenting for best result.
1000 watt power inverter Circuit Diagram
How to parallel MOSFETs-1000 watt power inverter
1000 watt power inverter Circuit Diagram
Wednesday, September 4, 2013
6 Channel LED Driver Using MCP34845
A very simple 6 channel low cost led driver electronic circuit project can be designed using the MCP34845 LED drivers manufactured by Free scale Semiconductor.The MCP34845 LED drivers operates from 5 to 21 volts and is specially designed for use in back lighting LCD displays from 10" to 17"+ for devices like : PC Notebooks , Net books , Picture Frames , Portable DVD Players , Small Screen Televisions , Industrial Displays , Medical Displays , etc.
6 Channel LED Driver Circuit Diagram
The MCP34845 LED drivers is capable of driving up to 16 LEDs in series in 6 separate strings.PWM dimming is performed by applying a PWM input signal to the PWM pin which modulates the LED channels directly.Main features of this driver circuit project are : input voltage of 5.0 to 21 V , boost output voltage up to 60 V, 2.0 A integrated boost FET , fixed boost frequency - 600 kHz or 1.2 MHz , OTP, OCP, UVLO fault detection , LED short/open protection , programmable LED current between 3.0 mA and 30 mA .
6 Channel LED Driver Circuit Diagram
The MCP34845 LED drivers is capable of driving up to 16 LEDs in series in 6 separate strings.PWM dimming is performed by applying a PWM input signal to the PWM pin which modulates the LED channels directly.Main features of this driver circuit project are : input voltage of 5.0 to 21 V , boost output voltage up to 60 V, 2.0 A integrated boost FET , fixed boost frequency - 600 kHz or 1.2 MHz , OTP, OCP, UVLO fault detection , LED short/open protection , programmable LED current between 3.0 mA and 30 mA .
Build an op amp with three Discrete Transistors
You can use three discrete transistors to build an operational amplifier with an open-loop gain greater than 1 million (Figure 1). You bias the output at approximately one-half the supply voltage using the combined voltage drops across zener diode D1, the emitter-base voltage of input transistor Q1, and the 1V drop across 1-MΩ feed-back resistor R2.
Resistor R3 and capacitor C1 form a compensation network that prevents the circuit from oscillating. The values in the figure still provide a good square-wave response. The ratio of R2 to R1 determines the inverting gain, which is −10 in this example.
You can configure this op amp as an active filter or as an oscillator. It drives a load of 1 kΩ. The square-wave response is good at 10 kHz, and the output reduces by 3 dB at 50 kHz. Set the 50-Hz low-frequency response with the values of the input and the output capacitors. You can raise the high-frequency response by using faster transistors and doing careful layout. Link
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| Figure 1. | This ac-coupled inverting op amp has an open-loop gain of 1 million. R1 and R2 set a closed-loop gain of −10. |
Resistor R3 and capacitor C1 form a compensation network that prevents the circuit from oscillating. The values in the figure still provide a good square-wave response. The ratio of R2 to R1 determines the inverting gain, which is −10 in this example.
You can configure this op amp as an active filter or as an oscillator. It drives a load of 1 kΩ. The square-wave response is good at 10 kHz, and the output reduces by 3 dB at 50 kHz. Set the 50-Hz low-frequency response with the values of the input and the output capacitors. You can raise the high-frequency response by using faster transistors and doing careful layout. Link
Home Security System
This alarm circuit activates when S1 through S5 are activated. This lights LED1 and activates Q1 via IC1C and IC1D. RY1 is wired to self latch. S10 is used to reset. When key switch S1 is activated or when re-entry buttons at S6 are depressed, IC1C is deactivated until RC network R7/C3 charges.
Home Security System Circuit Diagram
Home Security System Circuit Diagram
72 LED Clock
In the circuit below, 60 individual LEDs are used to indicate the minutes of a clock and 12 LEDs indicate hours. The power supply and time base circuitry is the same as described in the 28 LED clock circuit above. The minutes section of the clock is comprised of eight 74HCT164 shift registers cascaded so that a single bit can be recirculated through the 60 stages indicating the appropriate minute of the hour. Only two of the minutes shift registers are shown connected to 16 LEDs. Pin 13 of each register connects to pin 1 of the next for 7 registers. Pin 6 of the 8th register should connect back to pin 1 of the first register using the 47K resistor. Pins 2,9,8, 14 and 7 of all 8 minutes registers (74HC164) should be connected in parallel (pin 8 to pin 8, pin 9 to pin 9, etc.).
The hours section contains two 8 bit shift registers and works the same way as the minutes to display 1 of 12 hours. Pin 9 of all 74HCT164s (hours and minutes) should be connected together. For 50 Hertz operation, the time base section of the circuit can be modified as shown in the lower drawing labeled "50 Hertz LED Clock Time Base". You will need an extra IC (74HC30) to do this since it requires decoding 7 bits of the counter instead of 4. The two dual input NAND gates (1/2 74HC00) that are not used in the 50 Hertz modification should have their inputs connected to ground.
72 LED Clock Circuit Diagram
When power is applied, a single "1" bit is loaded into the first stage of both the minutes and hours registers. To accomplish this, a momentary low reset signal is sent to all the registers (at pin 9) and also a NAND gate to lock out any clock transitions at pin 8 of the minutes registers. At the same time, a high level is applied to the data input lines of both minutes and hours registers at pin 1. A single positive going clock pulse (at pin 8) is generated at the end of the reset signal which loads a high level into the first stage of the minutes register. The rising edge of first stage output at pin 3 advances the hours (at pin 8) and a single bit is also loaded into the hours register.
50 Hertz LED Clock Timebase
Power should remain off for about 3 seconds or more before being re-applied to allow the filter and timing capacitors to discharge. A 1K bleeder resistor is used across the 1000uF filter capacitor to discharge it in about 3 seconds. The timing diagram illustrates the power-on sequence where T1 is the time power is applied and beginning of the reset signal, T2 is the end of the reset signal, T3 is the clock signal to move a high level at pin 1 into the first register, T4 is the end of the data signal. The time delay from T2 to T3 is exaggerated in the drawing and is actually a very short time of just the propagation delay through the inverter and gate.
Two momentary push buttons can be used to set the correct time. The button labeled "M" will increment the minutes slowly and the one labled "H" much faster so that the hours increment slowly. The hours should be set first, followed by minutes.
The hours section contains two 8 bit shift registers and works the same way as the minutes to display 1 of 12 hours. Pin 9 of all 74HCT164s (hours and minutes) should be connected together. For 50 Hertz operation, the time base section of the circuit can be modified as shown in the lower drawing labeled "50 Hertz LED Clock Time Base". You will need an extra IC (74HC30) to do this since it requires decoding 7 bits of the counter instead of 4. The two dual input NAND gates (1/2 74HC00) that are not used in the 50 Hertz modification should have their inputs connected to ground.
72 LED Clock Circuit Diagram
When power is applied, a single "1" bit is loaded into the first stage of both the minutes and hours registers. To accomplish this, a momentary low reset signal is sent to all the registers (at pin 9) and also a NAND gate to lock out any clock transitions at pin 8 of the minutes registers. At the same time, a high level is applied to the data input lines of both minutes and hours registers at pin 1. A single positive going clock pulse (at pin 8) is generated at the end of the reset signal which loads a high level into the first stage of the minutes register. The rising edge of first stage output at pin 3 advances the hours (at pin 8) and a single bit is also loaded into the hours register.
50 Hertz LED Clock Timebase
Two momentary push buttons can be used to set the correct time. The button labeled "M" will increment the minutes slowly and the one labled "H" much faster so that the hours increment slowly. The hours should be set first, followed by minutes.
200 Watt Audio Amplifier
This complete high quality, low noise mono audio power amplifier is based around the Hybrid Integrated Circuit STK4050 manufactured by Sanyo. The circuit incorporates volume and has a maximum music output power of 200W. The circuit incorporates an on board power supply; therefore, only centre tapped transformer is required to power the circuit.
200 Watt Audio Amplifier Circuit Diagram
I t has very good quality sound. U can use it with your Home Theatre your PC & etc... You can also use it as Subwoofer Amplifier. It is a compact package for THIN-TYPE Audio sets. Easy Heat sink design to disperse heat generated in THIN-TYPE audio sets. Constant Current circuit to Reduce supply switch-ON and switch-OFF shock noise. External supply switch-On and switch-OFF shock noise muting, Load short-circuit protection, thermal shutdown and other circuits can be tailored designed.
Notes :
Output Power : 200Watts
Load Resistance : 8ohms
Input impedance : 55K
Maximum supply voltage : (+95v)-0-(-95v)
Recommended supply voltage : (+66v)-0-(-66v)
200 Watt Audio Amplifier Circuit Diagram
Notes :
Output Power : 200Watts
Load Resistance : 8ohms
Input impedance : 55K
Maximum supply voltage : (+95v)-0-(-95v)
Recommended supply voltage : (+66v)-0-(-66v)
Electronic Smart Heater Controller
Minuscule circuit of the electronic heater controller presented here is built around the renowned 3-Pin Integrated Temperature Sensor LM35 (IC1) from NSC. Besides, a popular Bi Mos Op-amp CA3140 (IC2) is used to sense the status of the temperature sensor IC1, which also controls a solid-state switch formed by a high power Triac BT136(T1). Resistive type electric heater at the output of T1 turns to ON and to OFF states as instructed by the control circuit.
This gadget can be used as an efficient and safe heater in living rooms, incubators, heavy electric/electronic instrument etc. Normally, when the temperature is below a set value (Decided by multi-turn preset pot P1), voltage at the inverting input (pin2) of IC1 is lower than the level at the non-inverting terminal (pin3). So, the comparator output (at pin 6) of IC1 goes high and T1 is triggered to supply mains power to the desired heater element.
Electronic Heater Controller Circuit diagram:
Note: CA3140 (IC2) is highly sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD). Please follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
When the temperature increases above the set value, say 50-60 degree centigrade, the inverting pin of IC1 also goes above the non-inverting pin and hence the comparator output falls. This stops triggering of T1 preventing the mains supply from reaching the heater element. Fortunately, the threshold value is user-controllable and can be set anywhere between 0 to 100 Degree centigrade.
The circuit works off stable 9Volt dc supply, which may be derived from the mains supply using a standard ac mains adaptor (100mA at 9V) or using a traditional capacitive voltage divider assembly. You can find such power circuits elsewhere in this website.
This gadget can be used as an efficient and safe heater in living rooms, incubators, heavy electric/electronic instrument etc. Normally, when the temperature is below a set value (Decided by multi-turn preset pot P1), voltage at the inverting input (pin2) of IC1 is lower than the level at the non-inverting terminal (pin3). So, the comparator output (at pin 6) of IC1 goes high and T1 is triggered to supply mains power to the desired heater element.
Electronic Heater Controller Circuit diagram:
Note: CA3140 (IC2) is highly sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD). Please follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
When the temperature increases above the set value, say 50-60 degree centigrade, the inverting pin of IC1 also goes above the non-inverting pin and hence the comparator output falls. This stops triggering of T1 preventing the mains supply from reaching the heater element. Fortunately, the threshold value is user-controllable and can be set anywhere between 0 to 100 Degree centigrade.
The circuit works off stable 9Volt dc supply, which may be derived from the mains supply using a standard ac mains adaptor (100mA at 9V) or using a traditional capacitive voltage divider assembly. You can find such power circuits elsewhere in this website.
Digital Bike Tachometer
This digital DIY tachometer for bikes uses two reed switches to get the speed information of the bicycle. The reed switches are installed near the rim of the wheel where permanent magnets pass by. The permanent magnets are attached to the wheelspokes and activate the reed switches everytime they pass by it. The speed is digitally displayed.
The tachometer circuit works according to this principle; the pulses created by the reed contacts are counted within a certain time interval. The resulting count is then displayed and represents the speed of the bike. Two 4026 ICs are used to count the pulses, decode the counter and control two 7-segment LED display. RS flip-flops U3 and U4 function as anti-bounce.
Electronic bicycle DIY tachometer Circuit diagram:
The pulses arrive at the counter’s input through gate U7. The measuring period is determined by monostable multivibrator U5/U6 and can be adjusted through potentiometer P1 so that the tacho can be calibrated. The circuit U1/U2 resets the counters.
Since batteries are used to power the circuit, it is not practical to support the continuous display of speed information. This circuit is not continuously active. The circuit is activated only after a button is pressed. At least three permanent magnets must be installed on the wheel. The circuit can be calibrated with the help of another pre-calibrated tachometer.
The tachometer circuit works according to this principle; the pulses created by the reed contacts are counted within a certain time interval. The resulting count is then displayed and represents the speed of the bike. Two 4026 ICs are used to count the pulses, decode the counter and control two 7-segment LED display. RS flip-flops U3 and U4 function as anti-bounce.
Electronic bicycle DIY tachometer Circuit diagram:
The pulses arrive at the counter’s input through gate U7. The measuring period is determined by monostable multivibrator U5/U6 and can be adjusted through potentiometer P1 so that the tacho can be calibrated. The circuit U1/U2 resets the counters.
Since batteries are used to power the circuit, it is not practical to support the continuous display of speed information. This circuit is not continuously active. The circuit is activated only after a button is pressed. At least three permanent magnets must be installed on the wheel. The circuit can be calibrated with the help of another pre-calibrated tachometer.
IR Remote Control Extender Mark 2
This is an improved IR remote control extender circuit. It has high noise immunity, is resistant to ambient and reflected light and has an increased range from remote control to the extender circuit of about 7 meters. It should work with any domestic apparatus that use 36-38kHz for the IR carrier frequency. Please note that this is NOT compatible with some satellite receivers that use 115KHz as a carrier frequency.
Notes:
The main difference between this version and the previous circuit, is that this design uses a commercially available Infra Red module. This module, part number IR1 is available from Harrison Electronics in the UK. The IR module contains a built in photo diode, amplifier circuit and buffer and decoder. It is centerd on the common 38kHz carrier frequency that most IR controls use. The module removes most of the carrier allowing decoded pulses to pass to the appliance. Domestic TVs and VCRs use extra filtering is used to completely remove the carrier. The IR1 is packaged in a small aluminium case, the connections viewed from underneath are shown below:
Infra Red Module, IR1 Pinout
How It works:
The IR1 module (IC3) operates on 5 Volt dc. This is provided by the 7805 voltage regulator, IC1. Under quiescent (no IR signal) conditions the voltage on the output pin is high, around 5 volts dc. This needs to be inverted and buffered to drive the IR photo emitter LED, LED2. The buffering is provided by one gate (pins 2 & 3) of a hex invertor the CMOS 4049, IC2. The IR1 module can directly drive TTL logic,but a pull-up resistor, R4 is required to interface to CMOS ICs. This resistor ensures that the signal from a remote control will alternate between 0 and 5 volts. As TTL logic levels are slightly different from CMOS, the 3.3k resistor R4 is wired to the +5 volt supply line ensuring that the logic high signal will be 5 volts and not the TTL levels 3.3 volts. The resistor does not affect performance of the IR module, but DOES ensure that the module will correctly drive the CMOS buffer without instability.
The output from the 4049 pin 2 directly drives transistor Q1, the 10k resistor R1 limiting base current. LED1 is a RED LED, it will flicker to indicate when a signal from a remote control is received. Note that in this circuit, the carrier is still present, but at a reduced level, as well as the decoded IR signal. The CMOS 4049 and BC109C transistor will amplify both carrier and signal driving LED2 at a peak current of about 120 mA when a signal is received. If you try to measure this with a digital meter, it will read much less, probably around 30mA as the meter will measure the average DC value, not the peak current. Any equipment designed to work between 36 and 40kHz should work, any controls with carrier frequencies outside this limit will have reduced range, but should work. The exception here is that some satellite receivers have IR controls that use a higher modulated carrier of around 115KHz. At present, these DO NOT work with my circuit, however I am working on a Mark 3 version to re-introduce the carrier.
Parts List:
C1 100u 10V
C2 100n polyester
R1 10k
R2 1k
R3 33R 1W
R4 3k3
Q1 BC109C
IC1 LM7805
IC2 CMOS 4049B
IC3 IR1 module from Harrison Electronics See Last paragraph
LED1 Red LED (or any visible colour)
LED2 TIL38 or part YH70M from Maplin Electronics
Testing:
This circuit should not present too many problems. If it does not work, arm yourself with a multimeter and perform these checks. Check the power supply for 12 Volt dc. Check the regulator output for 5 volt dc. Check the input of the IR module and also Pin 1 of the 4049 IC for 5 volts dc. With no remote control the output at pin 2 should be zero volts. Using a remote control pin 2 will read 5 volts and the Red LED will flicker. Measuring current in series with the 12 volt supply should read about 11mA quiescent, and about 40/50mA with an IR signal. If you still have problems measure the voltage between base and emitter of Q1. With no signal this should be zero volts, and rise to 0.6-0.7 volts dc with an IR signal. Any other problems, please email me, but please do the above tests first.
PCB Template:
Once again a PCB template has been kindly drafted for this project by Domenico.
A magnified view showing the component side is shown below:
Alternatives to IC3:
The part number IR1 from Harrison Electronics is no longer available. They do supply an alternative IR decoder which I have tested and works. Other alternative Infrared decoders are shown below, note however that all DO NOT share the same pinout. I advise anyone making this to check the corresponding data sheets.
Vishay TSOP 1738
Vishay TSOP 1838
Radio Shack 276-0137
Sony SBX 1620-12
Sharp GP1U271R
Equipment Controlled Successfully:
If you have built this circuit and it works successfullt please let me know and I will build the list. Email details of the Manufacturer, device and remote control model number. The remote model number is usually on the front or back of the remote.
Technics CDP770 Remote: EUR64713
Notes:
The main difference between this version and the previous circuit, is that this design uses a commercially available Infra Red module. This module, part number IR1 is available from Harrison Electronics in the UK. The IR module contains a built in photo diode, amplifier circuit and buffer and decoder. It is centerd on the common 38kHz carrier frequency that most IR controls use. The module removes most of the carrier allowing decoded pulses to pass to the appliance. Domestic TVs and VCRs use extra filtering is used to completely remove the carrier. The IR1 is packaged in a small aluminium case, the connections viewed from underneath are shown below:
Infra Red Module, IR1 Pinout
How It works:
The IR1 module (IC3) operates on 5 Volt dc. This is provided by the 7805 voltage regulator, IC1. Under quiescent (no IR signal) conditions the voltage on the output pin is high, around 5 volts dc. This needs to be inverted and buffered to drive the IR photo emitter LED, LED2. The buffering is provided by one gate (pins 2 & 3) of a hex invertor the CMOS 4049, IC2. The IR1 module can directly drive TTL logic,but a pull-up resistor, R4 is required to interface to CMOS ICs. This resistor ensures that the signal from a remote control will alternate between 0 and 5 volts. As TTL logic levels are slightly different from CMOS, the 3.3k resistor R4 is wired to the +5 volt supply line ensuring that the logic high signal will be 5 volts and not the TTL levels 3.3 volts. The resistor does not affect performance of the IR module, but DOES ensure that the module will correctly drive the CMOS buffer without instability.
The output from the 4049 pin 2 directly drives transistor Q1, the 10k resistor R1 limiting base current. LED1 is a RED LED, it will flicker to indicate when a signal from a remote control is received. Note that in this circuit, the carrier is still present, but at a reduced level, as well as the decoded IR signal. The CMOS 4049 and BC109C transistor will amplify both carrier and signal driving LED2 at a peak current of about 120 mA when a signal is received. If you try to measure this with a digital meter, it will read much less, probably around 30mA as the meter will measure the average DC value, not the peak current. Any equipment designed to work between 36 and 40kHz should work, any controls with carrier frequencies outside this limit will have reduced range, but should work. The exception here is that some satellite receivers have IR controls that use a higher modulated carrier of around 115KHz. At present, these DO NOT work with my circuit, however I am working on a Mark 3 version to re-introduce the carrier.
Parts List:
C1 100u 10V
C2 100n polyester
R1 10k
R2 1k
R3 33R 1W
R4 3k3
Q1 BC109C
IC1 LM7805
IC2 CMOS 4049B
IC3 IR1 module from Harrison Electronics See Last paragraph
LED1 Red LED (or any visible colour)
LED2 TIL38 or part YH70M from Maplin Electronics
Testing:
This circuit should not present too many problems. If it does not work, arm yourself with a multimeter and perform these checks. Check the power supply for 12 Volt dc. Check the regulator output for 5 volt dc. Check the input of the IR module and also Pin 1 of the 4049 IC for 5 volts dc. With no remote control the output at pin 2 should be zero volts. Using a remote control pin 2 will read 5 volts and the Red LED will flicker. Measuring current in series with the 12 volt supply should read about 11mA quiescent, and about 40/50mA with an IR signal. If you still have problems measure the voltage between base and emitter of Q1. With no signal this should be zero volts, and rise to 0.6-0.7 volts dc with an IR signal. Any other problems, please email me, but please do the above tests first.
PCB Template:
Once again a PCB template has been kindly drafted for this project by Domenico.
The part number IR1 from Harrison Electronics is no longer available. They do supply an alternative IR decoder which I have tested and works. Other alternative Infrared decoders are shown below, note however that all DO NOT share the same pinout. I advise anyone making this to check the corresponding data sheets.
Vishay TSOP 1738
Vishay TSOP 1838
Radio Shack 276-0137
Sony SBX 1620-12
Sharp GP1U271R
Equipment Controlled Successfully:
If you have built this circuit and it works successfullt please let me know and I will build the list. Email details of the Manufacturer, device and remote control model number. The remote model number is usually on the front or back of the remote.
Technics CDP770 Remote: EUR64713
Tuesday, September 3, 2013
Linear Resistance Meter Circuit
Description
Author: Dave Elliott
e-mail: portagepal@tiscali.co.uk
Source: http://www.electronics-lab.com
Readmore...
Most analogue multimeters are capable of measuring resistance over quite a wide range of values, but are rather inconvenient in use due to the reverse reading scale which is also non-linear. This can also give poor accuracy due to cramping of the scale that occurs at the high value end of each range. This resistance meter has 5 ranges and it has a forward reading linear scale on each range.The full-scale values of the 5 ranges are 1K, 10K, 100K, 1M &10M respectively and the unit is therefore capable of reasonably accurate measurements from a few tens of ohms to ten Megohms.
Circuit Diagram
The Circuit
Most linear scale resistance meters including the present design, work on the principle that if a resistance is fed from a constant current source the voltage developed across that resistance is proportional to its value. For example, if a 1K resistor is fed from a 1 mA current source from Ohm’s Law it can be calculated that 1 volt will be developed across the resistor (1000 Ohms divided by 0.001 amps = 1 volt). Using the same current and resistance values of 100 ohms and 10K gives voltages of 0.1volts (100 ohms / 0.001amps = 0.1volts) and 10 volts (10000 ohms / 0.001amps = 10 volts).
Thus the voltage developed across the resistor is indeed proportional to its value, and a voltmeter used to measure this voltage can in fact be calibrated in resistance, and will have the desired forward reading linear scale. One slight complication is that the voltmeter must not take a significant current or this will alter the current fed to the test resistor and impair linearity. It is therefore necessary to use a high impedance voltmeter circuit.
The full circuit diagram of the Linear Resistance Meter is given in Figure 1. The constant current generator is based on IC1a and Q1. R1, D1 and D2 form a simple form a simple voltage regulator circuit, which feeds a potential of just over 1.2 volts to the non-inverting input of IC1a. There is 100% negative feedback from the emitter of Q1 to the inverting input of IC1a so that Q1’s emitter is stabilised at the same potential as IC1a’s non-inverting input. In other words it is stabilised a little over 1.2 volts below the positive supply rail potential. S3a gives 5 switched emitter resistances for Q1, and therefore 5 switched emitter currents. S3b provides 5 reference resistors across T1 & T2 via S2 to set full-scale deflection on each range using VR1.
As the emitter and collector currents of a high gain transistor such as a BC179 device used in the Q1 are virtually identical, this also gives 5 switched collector currents. By having 5 output currents, and the current reduced by a factor of 10 each time S3a is moved one step in a clockwise direction, the 5 required measuring ranges are obtained. R2 to R6 must be close tolerance types to ensure good accuracy on all ranges. The high impedance voltmeter section uses IC1b with 100% negative feedback from the output to the inverting input so that there is unity voltage gain from the non-inverting input to the output. The output of IC1b drives a simple voltmeter circuit using VR1 and M1, and the former is adjusted to give the correct full-scale resistance values.
The CA3240E device used for IC1 is a dual op-amp having a MOS input stage and a class A output stage. These enable the device to operate with the inputs and outputs right down to the negative supply rail voltage. This is a very helpful feature in many circuits, including the present one as it enables a single supply rail to be used where a dual balanced supply would otherwise be needed. In many applications the negative supply is needed simply in order to permit the output of the op-amp to reach the 0volt rail. In applications of this type the CA3240E device normally enables the negative supply to be dispensed with.
As the CA3240E has a MOS input stage for each section the input impedance is very high (about 1.5 million Megohms!) and obviously no significant input current flows into the device. This, together with the high quality of the constant current source, and the practically non-existent distortion through IC1b due to the high feedback level gives this circuit excellent linearity.
With no resistor connected across T1 & T2 M1 will be taken beyond full-scale deflection and overloaded by about 100 or 200%. This is unlikely to damage the meter, but to be on the safe side a push-to-test on/off switch (S1) is used. Thus the power is only applied to the circuit when a test resistor is connected to the unit, and prolonged meter overloads are thus avoided.
A small (PP3 size) 9 volt battery is a suitable power source for this project which has a current consumption of around 5mA and does not require a stabilised supply.
Most linear scale resistance meters including the present design, work on the principle that if a resistance is fed from a constant current source the voltage developed across that resistance is proportional to its value. For example, if a 1K resistor is fed from a 1 mA current source from Ohm’s Law it can be calculated that 1 volt will be developed across the resistor (1000 Ohms divided by 0.001 amps = 1 volt). Using the same current and resistance values of 100 ohms and 10K gives voltages of 0.1volts (100 ohms / 0.001amps = 0.1volts) and 10 volts (10000 ohms / 0.001amps = 10 volts).
Thus the voltage developed across the resistor is indeed proportional to its value, and a voltmeter used to measure this voltage can in fact be calibrated in resistance, and will have the desired forward reading linear scale. One slight complication is that the voltmeter must not take a significant current or this will alter the current fed to the test resistor and impair linearity. It is therefore necessary to use a high impedance voltmeter circuit.
The full circuit diagram of the Linear Resistance Meter is given in Figure 1. The constant current generator is based on IC1a and Q1. R1, D1 and D2 form a simple form a simple voltage regulator circuit, which feeds a potential of just over 1.2 volts to the non-inverting input of IC1a. There is 100% negative feedback from the emitter of Q1 to the inverting input of IC1a so that Q1’s emitter is stabilised at the same potential as IC1a’s non-inverting input. In other words it is stabilised a little over 1.2 volts below the positive supply rail potential. S3a gives 5 switched emitter resistances for Q1, and therefore 5 switched emitter currents. S3b provides 5 reference resistors across T1 & T2 via S2 to set full-scale deflection on each range using VR1.
As the emitter and collector currents of a high gain transistor such as a BC179 device used in the Q1 are virtually identical, this also gives 5 switched collector currents. By having 5 output currents, and the current reduced by a factor of 10 each time S3a is moved one step in a clockwise direction, the 5 required measuring ranges are obtained. R2 to R6 must be close tolerance types to ensure good accuracy on all ranges. The high impedance voltmeter section uses IC1b with 100% negative feedback from the output to the inverting input so that there is unity voltage gain from the non-inverting input to the output. The output of IC1b drives a simple voltmeter circuit using VR1 and M1, and the former is adjusted to give the correct full-scale resistance values.
The CA3240E device used for IC1 is a dual op-amp having a MOS input stage and a class A output stage. These enable the device to operate with the inputs and outputs right down to the negative supply rail voltage. This is a very helpful feature in many circuits, including the present one as it enables a single supply rail to be used where a dual balanced supply would otherwise be needed. In many applications the negative supply is needed simply in order to permit the output of the op-amp to reach the 0volt rail. In applications of this type the CA3240E device normally enables the negative supply to be dispensed with.
As the CA3240E has a MOS input stage for each section the input impedance is very high (about 1.5 million Megohms!) and obviously no significant input current flows into the device. This, together with the high quality of the constant current source, and the practically non-existent distortion through IC1b due to the high feedback level gives this circuit excellent linearity.
With no resistor connected across T1 & T2 M1 will be taken beyond full-scale deflection and overloaded by about 100 or 200%. This is unlikely to damage the meter, but to be on the safe side a push-to-test on/off switch (S1) is used. Thus the power is only applied to the circuit when a test resistor is connected to the unit, and prolonged meter overloads are thus avoided.
A small (PP3 size) 9 volt battery is a suitable power source for this project which has a current consumption of around 5mA and does not require a stabilised supply.
Photos showing inside and outside of the completed Linear Resistance Meter.
e-mail: portagepal@tiscali.co.uk
Source: http://www.electronics-lab.com
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